extra questions

PRACTISE QUESTIONS

1. What are the main economic activities of the village palampur?
2. Name the village and town connected with palampur.
3. Why do we call the village palampur as a hypothetical village?

(hints: facilities …. Transport….school….. hospital)

4. Name the vehicles often found in the villages.

How many families lived in the village ? Where did the dalits live?

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q1. What is the aim of production?

 Aim of production is to produce goods and services.

Q2. What are the four requirements of production?

There are four requirements of production:

1. Land: contains natural resources, water, forests and minerals.

2. Labour: People do the work and manufacture goods and services. Labourers may be skilled, unskilled, educated and uneducated depending upon the production work and requirement.

3. Physical capital: Can be of fixed capital and working capital.

a. fixed capital: Tools, machines, buildings etc.. they may range from very simple tools such as farmers plough to sophisticated machines to generators, computers etc..

b. working capital: Raw materials and money in hand  come under this category. Ex. Yarn used by weaver and clay used by potter. Some money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items.

4. Human capital: The fourth important requirement is human capital. Without human labour production cannot be done.  

Farming in palampur

1. land is fixed

Q1. How is land fixed in the village palampur?

75 % of people depend on farming. Land area in the village under cultivation is fixed. Since 1960 there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. No further scope to increase farm production. Land is fixed for agriculture in the village.

Q2. what is standard unit of measuring land in hectare?

Bigha, guintha etc.. are the local standard units of measuring land in hectares in the villages of India. One hectare equals the area of a square with one side measuring 100 metres.

Is there a way one can grow more from the same land?

Q1. Which Indian village resemble palampur?

Village of western U.P.

Q2. What are the different crops grown in the Indian villages during different seasons?

Kharif crops like jowar, Bajra are grown in rainy seasons. These plants are grown as cattle feed. It is followed by cultivation of potato between October and December. In the winter season, rabi crops like wheat, sugar cane are grown.

Q3. Where do the villagers of palampur sell jaggery?

Sugar cane is grown in the village on one part of the land and jaggery is produced and sold in Raiganj. 

Q4. How are the villagers able to grow more than one crop in palampur?

The villagers can grow more crops  because they are having the facilities of electricity, well developed system of irrigation etc.. Initially the tube wells were installed by the government later many private tube wells were also installed. All the farmers in the village grow more than one crop. Many grow potato as the third crop in their field.

Q5. What do you mean by multi cropping and dual cropping?

Multicropping: To grow more than one crop in the same field is known as multiple cropping. This system gives high yield. Dual cropping: To grow two crops in the same piece of land.

Q6. What is Green revolution?

Excessive production in agriculture due to modern scientific methods  are called green revolution.

Q7. What is HYV ?

 In late 1960s HYVs are introduced, which were a great boon to agriculture. These are High Yielding Varieties of seeds which guarantees greater qualitative and quantitative  production. HYV seeds need plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results.

Q8. Which states of India were the first to use modern methods of agriculture?

Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first states to use modern methods of agriculture and made use of HYV seeds, pesticides, chemical fertilizers etc..

Q9. What is the difference between multiple cropping and modern farming method?

Multiple cropping:  In this method more than one crop is grown on a single piece of land. For example: Wheat – bajra – potato.

Modern farming methods:  In this method modern HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, modern tools and machineries are used. This provides high yields.

Q10. How modern methods have over used the natural  resources and violated the resources?

• Green revolution is associated with the loss of soil fertility.
• Continuous use of ground water for tube well irrigation has  reduced the water – table below the ground.
• Chemical fertilizers may destroy the bacteria and other micro organisms in the soil.

The consumption of chemical fertilizers in Punjab is highest in the country. 

How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur?

Q11. How is land distributed between the farmers of Palampur and Indian villages?

Land is unevenly distributed among the farmers of the villages. Some farmers have large lands while some have very small and others have no land at all. Gobind a farmer in Palampur had 2.25 hectares of land. After his death his land is further distributed among his four sons. In this way in every village the land is getting divided hereditarily into smaller and smaller. These divisions may result in poor and unsatisfactory production leading to poor economic status to the country.

Who will provide the labour?

Q1. Who will provide labour to landless farmers?

Landless farmers work in the field of rich farmers for wages. The government fixed salary is 60 rupees per day. But most of the farmers are paid less than 40 rupees.

Q2. What is the problem of Dala and Ramkali?

• Dala and Ramkali are landless labourers.
•  They work in the fields of others but now a days they don’t get work because many rich farmers use modern tractors, machines etc.. and employ very less human labourers
• To run their livelihood Dala and Ramkali get loans. This further keep them in debt for ever.  
• Landless farmers get jobs for a short duration and rest of the time they are engaged in some other odd jobs.
• They get very less salaries for their work. They are paid even less than 35 – 40 rupees while the government fixed salary is 60 rupees.

The capital needed in farming

Q1. Why do small and landless farmers need capital? Explain with examples.

• Small farmers have to borrow money from large farmers of the village or  money lenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation.
• Savita, a small farmer gets loan from Tejpal Singh a large farmer  at a rate of 24% to purchase seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.
•  Farmers need capitals as they don’t  have surplus of their own.

 

Sale of Surplus Farm Products

Q1. What is surplus? What do the farmers do with the surplus?

            Surplus are the excessive amount of production produced by the farmers. Example: Farmers produce wheat and store  a part of it for their consumption  and the remaining they sell in the market and gain profit. This profit is called surplus.

            The farmers use the surplus as capital for the next harvest. Farmers like Govind or Savita are poor and have little surplus. Big farmers like Tejpal Singh purchase farm machines, lend money or save in the bank.

Non farming activity in Palampur

Q1. Write short note on

a. Dairy farming    b. small scale manufacturing   c. shopkeeping   d. transport

a. Dairy farming :   Dairy farming is a common activity in Palampur . People feed their buffalos on various kinds of grass and the jowar and bajra that grows during rainy season.

Milk is sold in Raiganj. Traders of Shahpur have set up collectrion cum chilling centres at Raiganj

b. small scale manufacturing: Very  simple production is done in the village. People produce baskets, gur etc.. in small scale. Mishrilal of Palampur produce Jaggery and sell in Shahpur. He makes a small profit. He owns a crushing machine as capital.

c. shopkeeping: Some villagers sell rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries, candles etc.. People whose houses are close to the bus stand use a part of the space to open small shops. Some sell eatables like pakoras, samosas etc.. In Palampur Kareem had opened a computer centre. Students from shahpur town had joined it. He had appointed two women of his village to work in his centre. In this way he is self employed and have given employment to others.  

d. transport: Transport is another major activity of villages. Rickshwas, Tongas, jeeps, tractors, trucks are some of the vehicles found here. Some people are engaged in this line too. Kishora of Palampur village own a buffalo. The buffalo gives milk and also draws cart for him. Every he goes to ganga river to fetch clay for the potters of the village. Kishora is engaged in multi economic activity.

Q.4. What were the main terms on which Savita got a loan from Tejpal Singh? How can 

Savita be benefitted if she gets a loan from the bank? 

Ans. Savita arranged money for capital from a big farmer 

– Tejpal Singh, who belongs 

to the same village. 

(c) Extra work to be done by Savita on Tejpal Singh’s field. 

(d) Tejpal Singh would give her Rs 35 per day as wages. 

These conditions were very tough for a small farmer like Savita but these had to be agreed 

upon. If she could arrange money from cooperative society or bank she could repay the 

loan in easy instalments on reasonable interest rate of 16–18% and no need to put extra 

Q.5. 

What was the basic aim of the ‘Green Revolution’ in India? How did it affect the market 

Ans. The introduction of HYV seeds and the increased use of fertilisers and irrigation are known 

Main terms decided to get loan of Rs 3000. 

(a) Interest rate of 24%. 

(b) Loan given for the period of 4 months. 

working hours on other’s land. 

economy? 

collectively as the Green Revolution which was associated with increase in production of food 

grains in India and make India self-sufficient in foodgrains. 

Impact of Green Revolution on market economy 

(a) 

Increased production of foodgrains like wheat and rice : Foodgrain yields continued 

to increase throughout the 1980s. In financial year 1980, almost 75 percent of the total 

cropped area under wheat was sown with HYV seeds. 

(b) 

Increased income disparities, higher income growth and reduced incidence of 

poverty : Green revolution has increased income disparities, higher income growth and 

reduced incidence of poverty. 

Q.6. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land. Explain 

any four points. 

What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land. Explain 

with the help of examples. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

OR 

OR 

State four steps of optimal utilisation of land. 

Ans. Land area under cultivation is fixed. So, the ways of increasing farm produce on the same 

piece of land are : 

(i) 

Multiple cropping : It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece 

of land. Under it, more than one crop is grown on the same piece of land during the year. 

Indian farmers should grow atlest two main crops in a year. Some farmers have been 

growing a third crop also over the past twenty years. 

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(ii) 

Green Revolution : It was brought in India in the late 1960s, the use of HYV (High 

Yielding Variety) seeds for increase in production of rice and wheat. It promised to 

produce much greater amount of grains on a single plant. 

(iii) 

Use of modern technology : By the use of well developed able to cultivate their land with 

greater efficiency. Farmers use pumpsets for irrigation, threshers for threshing, harvesters 

for harvesting, tractors for floughing etc. 

(iv) 

Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides : Use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides 

improves fertility of soil and reduces pest respectively for the particular period of 

production. This improves the quantity of production. 

Q.7. Who provides labour for farming in Palampur? How are they paid for their work? 

Ans. After land, labour is the second most necessary factor for production. Small farmers along with 

the other numbers of their family cultivate their own fields. Thus, they provide the labour 

required for farming themselves. Medium and large scale farmers hire farm labourers to work 

Farm labourers either engaged from landless families or the families cultivating small piece of 

Farm labourers do not have any right over the crops grown on the land. They are paid in the 

(i) Wages are paid to them in form of cash or kind, i.e., crops. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

on their fields. 

land. 

following ways : 

(ii) Government has set up minimum wages for farm labourers to be Rs 60 per day but 

unfortunately they do not get this much and are mostly exploited. 

(iii) Sometimes poor farm labourers work for meal also. 

(iv) Sometimes they are employed on daily basis and sometimes for the whole year. Thus, 

durations of their employment is not fixed. 

Q.8. What are the four requirements for production of goods and services? Explain. 

What are the four requirements of production? Explain with examples. 

Ans. There are four requirements of production of goods and services. These requirements

OR 

[2010 (T-1)] 

known as factors of production. 

(i) Land : By land we mean not only the level surface but all gifts of nature which are 

are 

These are : 

amenable to human control, such as water, forests, minerals etc. 

(ii) 

Labour : Manpower required to do the work. The mental and physical work done by 

people in an organisation comes under labour. 

(iii) 

Physical Capital : It means a variety of inputs required at every stage during production. 

They can be classified as : 

(a) Fixed capital : It includes tools, machines and building that can be used for 

production for many years. 

(b) Working capital : Money in land and raw material that has to be used in current 

products are included in working capital. 

(iv) 

Enterprise : It means need of knowledge and enterprise to put together all other factors 

of production and ability to sell the produce in the market. This is also called human 

capital. 

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Q.9. What is Green Revolution? Explain some of its features. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

Ans. Green Revolution is a revoluton with farmers using modern methods for higher yields and 

achieving self sufficiency in the production of wheat and rice. It includes use of High Yielding 

Variety (HYV) seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc for producing best results. 

Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try it in the late 1960s. 

Factors responsible for Green Revolution are : 

(i) 

Increase in yield : HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grains on 

a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land produce for larger quantities of food 

grains. 

(ii) 

Use of modern technology : Use of modern technology like tractors, harvesters, tubewells 

etc have made the implementation of green revolution possible in the environment. 

(iii) 

Use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides : Unlike traditional fertilisers and manures, use 

of chemical fertilisers has increased as a requirement with HYV seeds which improves the 

Q.10. Explain any two positive and two negative effects of Green Revolution. 

Explain two achievements and two drawbacks of Green Revolution in Indian agriculture. 

Ans. Green Revolution was started in the late 1960s with an aim of achieving self sufficiency in the 

production of grains like wheat and rice. 

Two positive effects and achievements of green revolution are : 

quality and quantity of the produce. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

OR 

(i) 

Increase in productivity of grains : Use of HYV seeds produced much more amount of 

wheat and rice in comparison to traditional seeds. 

(ii) 

Modernisation of agriculture : HYV seeds required well-developed irrigation, use of 

chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Use of farm machinery has also encouraged in the 

green revolution which resulted in development and modernisaton of agriculture. It also 

increased the surplus in the field of agriculture. 

Two Negative effects and drawbacks of Green Revolution : 

(i) 

Decline in fertility of soil : Too much use of chemical fertilisers resulted in decline of 

fertility of soil. Farmers have to use more and more chemical fertilisers which increases 

the lost of production. 

(ii) Level of groundwater : Use of groundwater for cultivation with the help of tubwells have 

caused decline in level of ground water. 

Q.11. What are the difficulties faced by small farmers in arranging capital in comparison with 

medium and large farmers. 

Ans. Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital, so the small farmers face more 

[2010 (T-1)] 

difficulties in arranging capital in comparison with mediun and large farmers. 

Most of the small farmers have to borrow money from for large farmers or the village money 

lenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such 

loans is very high. This put the small farmers in great distrerss to repay the loans. 

Unlike small farmers, medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They 

sale their good amount of surplus and earn more income. This incomes they utilise in arranging 

capital for next season of production. 

20 

Q.12. Is Palampur a developed village? Explain by presenting four arguments. [2010 (T-1)] 

OR 

How can you say that Palampur is a well developed village? 

Ans. Palampur is a well developed village. This can be made clear from the following 

arguments : 

(i) 

Multiple cropping : Farmers of Palampur have adapted multiple cropping. They plant 

three crops on a year and never leave their land idle. 

(ii) 

Modern facilities of agriculture : They have a well developed system of irrigation. is also noticed in Palampur. 

(iii) 

Markets and Education : There are small markets setup in Palampur which have all the 

daily need commodities available. Kareem is also running computer classes and a good 

number of students are learning there. High schools and education for women is available 

(iv) 

Transportation : People of Palampur have facilities of transporting goods to other towns 

and village with a good transportation system and well developed roads. 

Q.13. What are the various ways through which farmers can get loan? Write their advantages 

Ans. Farmers can get loans through the following ways : 

(i) 

Large farmers or village moneylenders : Most of the small farmers prefer taking loans 

here. 

and disadvantages. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

 village moneylenders. Advantages of taking loans from such 

(a) They are flexible in terms and conditions of repayment and rate of interest. 

from large farmers or

(b) They know the lenders personally so get loans without collateral security. 

Disadvantages : 

(a) Rate of interest is very high. 

(b) Small farmers are exploited and are trapped in virous circle of poverty. 

(ii) Banks and coperative scieties : Although, very few number of small farmers approach 

sources are : 

banks for loan but they provide them better services. Advantages of loans from banks and 

(a) No exploitation of farmers. 

cooperatives : 

(b) Uniform and nominal rate of interest for all. 

Disadvantages : 

(a) Needs propr security and have set terms and conditions. 

Q.14. Differentiate between fixed capital and working capital. State any four points. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

Ans. Both fixed capital and working capital are the parts of physical capital required for production. 

(i) 

Fixed Capital : 

(a) It includes fixed factors of production which are used for years. 

(b) Tools 

and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer's plough to 

sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines etc. 

(c) It includes tools, machines, buildings etc. 

21 

(d) They remain constant for many years of production and increased or decreased only 

when needed. 

(ii) 

Working Capital : 

(a) It includes variable factors of production which are needed to be arranged every time 

at the time of production. 

(b) Whatever money and raw material required for production are included in it. 

(c) It is required to be arranged according to the desired production. 

(d) They are dynamic depending upon the profits and income of last season. 

Q.15. Explain four efforts that can be made to increase non-farming production activities in 

Ans. Non-farming production activities should be increased in the village. Unlike farming, non-farm 

(i) Loans can be made available to villagers on low rates of interest so that people with less 

(ii) Markets should be made available to sell the goods produced in non-farm activities. 

(iii) Development of goods 

transport, communication system and proper storage of goods 

should be established to increase the opportunities for non-farm activities in the village. 

Q.16. Explain any four non-farming activities in Palampur village. 

Ans. Most of the people living in palampur village are involved in production activities. Only 25% 

of the people working in Palampur village are engaged in activities other than agriculture. 

villages? 

[2010 (T-1)] 

activities required very less land and capital. 

savings can set up non-farm activities. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

Various non-farm activities in Palampur village are : 

(a) 

Dairy : It is a common activity at Palampur village. People feed their buffalos on jowar 

and bajra and sold their milk in Raiganj village. Two traders from Shahpur town have set 

up collection cum chilling centres at Raiganj from where the milk is transported to far 

away towns and cities. 

(b) 

Small scale manufacturing units : People get involved in very simple production 

methods in their homes only with their family members. They make baskets, pottery etc 

small things and sell them in the markets nearby. 

Shopkeepers : People get involved in trade, they buy goods from nearby whole sale markets 

tongas, jeeps, tractors, trucks, bullok cart, bagey etc. The number of people involved in 

transport has grown over the last several years. 

Q.17. What do you mean

and sell them in the village. They sell wide range of items like sugar, tea, oil, soap etc. They 

open shops for eatables near bus stands. 

Transport : People also get involved in providing transportation services like rickshaws, 

 by Green Revolution? Why was the initial impact of Green 

Revolution limited to wheat and only to a few regions? [2010 (T-1)] 

Ans. Green Revolution is a revolution which started in the late 1960s with an aim of achieving self-

sufficiency in the production of grains like wheat and rice. 

The initial impact of Green Revolution was limited to wheat and only to a few regions because 

initially only the farmers of Punjab, Haryana nad Uttar Pradesh by out the modern farming 

method in India. They used tubewells for irrigation and made use of HYV seeds, chemical 

fertilisers and pesticides in farming. Capital required for using HYV seeds was very high. 

Therefore small farmers and many backward regions could not use the modern techniques. 

22 

Results and markets for wheat were better therefore, HYV seeds were utilised more for 

growing wheat initially. Use of HYV seeds require all other modern techniques of cultivation 

also therefore for initial time it remained unapproachable in many backward villages and small 

farmers which work without electricity or own poor farm distribution. 

Q.18. What is land? Suggest any three ways to sustain land. 

[2010 (T-1)] 

Ans. Land is the levelled surface and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals etc 

used for production of goods and services. 

Excessive use of chemical fertilisers or modern techniques of farming destroys land and all 

Land can be sustained through following ways : 

(i) 

Limited use of chemical fertilisers : Chemical fertilisers should be used in a limited 

number and only as the per the requirement. Excessive use of chemical fertilisers destroys 

(ii) 

Crop rotation : Crops should be planted in such a way that land gets time of restore its 

fertility. Different nutrients are required with different lands, therefore planning of 

multiple cropping should be done in such a way that the land is also able to restore the 

(iii) 

Waste of chemical fertilisers : Waste of chemical fertilisers or pesticides should not be 

thrown in the water bodies of village as this will pollute the water. 

(iv) 

Adequate use of ground water : Ground water should be adequately used so that there 

other natural resources. 

the fertility of land. 

lost nutrients. 

BRERis minimum wastage of ground water. 

II. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 

A. ACTIVITIES 

1. Plan a visit to a factory in your area 

..Product range being manufactured by the factory 

..Area occupied by the factory and its location 

..How much direct labour is involved in production process and how much indirect labour 

and discuss the following points with the person 

concerned : 

• 

What is the criteria they follow for deciding the wages of workers? (Whether production 

based, time based or combination of the two for various categories.) 

• 

How do they plan their production schedule the demand of the product in the market and 

seasonal trend of the product during the whole year? 

2. Make a list of various units for measuring the agricultural land in your area and study the 

points related to this activity. 

• 

How are these various units interrelated? Work out the conversion factor for these units. 

• 

Is there a difference between the measurement of agricultural land and the area of your 

school ground? Can you compare these two areas? 

B. GROUP DISCUSSION 

How do chemical fertilisers and pesticides affect the production in agriculture? Are these 

is supporting them? 

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pesticides and chemicals harmful to the environment? How can these harmful effects be 

avoided? 

Guidelines for teachers : 

(1) Divide the students into two teams of 6 members each. 

(2) Ask Team ‘A’ to discuss the benefits of pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilisers. 

(3) Ask Team ‘B’ to discuss the various demerits of these chemicals — how it affects our 

environment, how crop quality is affected with these chemicals etc. 

(4) Draw a conclusion based on the discussion on how we can avoid these harmful effects. 

C. ASSIGNMENT 

Make a comparative study of the living standards of the peasants of Punjab and Haryana 

Step 1 : Collect the following information and data : 

(a) Peasant population in these regions 

(b) Per capita income of the peasant families 

(c) Availability of infrastructure in the form of 

machinery, implements, manure, 

seeds, irrigational facilities etc. 

(d) Extent of state or centre’s help received 

regions with those of Bihar and Orissa. 

Methods : 

(e) To what extent are climate and natural conditions responsible for their state of 

affairs and to what extent is the area prone to natural disaster? 

(f) To what extent is their character, health, nature etc. responsible for their success 

or failure? 

Step 2 : After collecting relevant data put them in respective columns under two heads. Study 

the information and data collected and determine the various factors affecting the life of 

peasants in these regions.